Systems and methods for constant voltage mode and constant current mode in flyback power converters with primary-side sensing and regulation

ABSTRACT

System and method for regulating a power converter. The system includes a first signal generator configured to receive at least an input signal and generate at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling. Additionally, the system includes a sampling component configured to receive at least the input signal and the second output signal, sample the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, and generate at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Moreover, the system includes an error amplifier configured to receive at least the third output signal and a first threshold voltage and generate at least a fourth output signal with a capacitor, the capacitor being coupled to the error amplifier.

1. CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/581,775, filed Oct. 19, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional No. 61/107,249, filed Oct. 21, 2008, both applications being commonly assigned and incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

Additionally, this application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/502,866, commonly assigned, incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to integrated circuits. More particularly, the invention provides systems and methods for constant voltage mode and constant current mode. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to a flyback power converter with primary-side sensing and regulation. But it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

Flyback power converters have been used extensively for their simple structures and low costs in low power applications. But in traditional flyback converters, the output voltage regulation often is performed with secondary-side feedback, using an isolated arrangement of TL431 and an opto-coupler. In addition to increasing the system cost, the voltage drop due to the cable loss usually is difficult to compensate.

FIG. 1 is a simplified conventional diagram for a switch-mode flyback power conversion system with secondary-side control. As shown in FIG. 1, a PWM controller 110 is used to control and drive a power MOSFET M1. The power MOSFET M1 is turned on and off to control the power delivered to the load on the secondary side. Consequently, the constant output voltage (CV) mode and the constant output current (CC) mode may be achieved by the secondary-side regulation.

FIG. 2 is a simplified conventional diagram showing characteristics of output voltage and output current of a flyback power conversion system. As shown in FIG. 2, if the output current I_(o) is in the range of from zero to I_(max), the system operates in the constant voltage (CV) mode. In the CV mode, the output voltage V_(o) is equal to V_(max). Alternatively, if the output voltage is below V_(max), the system operates in the constant current (CC) mode. In the CC mode, the output current I_(o) is equal to I_(max). For example, if the output terminal of the system is connected to a discharged battery, the system operates in the CC mode.

To reduce cost and size of the switch-mode flyback power converter and to also improve its efficiency, the power converter with primary-side regulation has become more and more popular. With the primary-side regulation, the output voltage is sensed by detecting the voltage of an auxiliary winding that is tightly coupled to the secondary winding. Since the voltage of the auxiliary winding images the output voltage that is associated with the secondary winding, the voltage sensed in the auxiliary winding can be utilized to regulate the secondary-side output voltage. The expensive parts of TL431 and opto-coupler usually are not needed, so the cost and size can be reduced. Additionally, using sensed information of the output voltage, the output current can be regulated based on internal computation of the controller. Therefore the sensing resistor for output current often is not needed, so the overall conversion efficiency can be improved.

FIG. 3 is a simplified conventional diagram for a switch-mode flyback power conversion system with primary-side sensing and regulation. FIG. 4 is another simplified conventional diagram for a switch-mode flyback power conversion system with primary-side regulation.

As shown, the output voltage V_(out) is mapped to the DC voltage V_(INV) at the node INV, and is therefore regulated through the regulation of V_(INV).

With primary-side regulation, the relationship of V_(INV) and V_(out) can be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix} {V_{INV} = {{\frac{n \cdot R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}} \cdot \left( {V_{out} + V_{D\; 2}} \right)} - {\frac{R\; 2}{{R\; 1} + {R\; 2}}V_{D\; 1}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

where n is the ratio of auxiliary-winding turns to secondary-winding turns. Additionally, V_(D1) and V_(D2) are the forward diode drop voltages.

Setting

${k = \frac{R_{1} + R_{2}}{n \cdot R_{2}}},$ V_(out) is therefore given by:

$\begin{matrix} {V_{out} = {{k \cdot V_{INV}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - V_{D\; 2}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

The output voltage is regulated through the regulation of the voltage for the auxiliary winding. For example, the sensed voltage, V_(INV), is compared with a predetermined voltage level, V_(REF). The difference between V_(INV) and V_(REF) is associated with an error signal, which is amplified by an error amplifier. Based at least in part on the amplified error signal, a PWM/PFM signal is generated.

The PWM/PFM signal controls turning on/off of a power switch and thus controls the power delivered to the secondary side. As a result, the difference between V_(INV) and V_(REF) becomes smaller and smaller, and eventually V_(INV) becomes equal to V_(REF). Since V_(INV) is the image of the output voltage V_(out), the output voltage V_(out) can be linearly dependent on V_(INV) and thus V_(REF), if certain conditions are satisfied.

Specifically, as shown below, the output voltage V_(out) linearly depends on V_(REF) if the forward voltage across diodes D1 and D2 are constant.

$\begin{matrix} {V_{out} = {{k \cdot V_{REF}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - V_{D\; 2}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

But the forward voltage of a diode often depends on the current that flows through the diode. Hence the forward voltage of D2 changes if the load current changes. The forward voltage of D1 is almost constant since the current flowing through D1 does not change even if the output load current changes.

Therefore, the control scheme as described above often has poor regulation for output voltage due to the change in the forward voltage of the diode D2. Moreover, the fact that the output current depends on the inductance of the primary windings often results in large variations in the output current which usually cannot be compensated in the mass production.\

Hence it is highly desirable to improve techniques for output voltage regulation and output current control, such as primary-winding inductance compensation, is highly desirable.

3. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to integrated circuits. More particularly, the invention provides systems and methods for constant voltage mode and constant current mode. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to a flyback power converter with primary-side sensing and regulation. But it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

According to one embodiment, a system for regulating a power converter includes a first signal generator configured to receive at least an input signal and generate at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling. Additionally, the system includes a sampling component configured to receive at least the input signal and the second output signal, sample the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, and generate at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Moreover, the system includes an error amplifier configured to receive at least the third output signal and a first threshold voltage and generate at least a fourth output signal with a capacitor, the capacitor being coupled to the error amplifier. Also, the system includes a compensation component configured to receive at least the fourth output signal and generate at least a compensation signal. The input signal is a combination of the compensation signal and a first sensed signal. The first sensed signal is associated with a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the system includes the first controller for regulating at least the output current. For example, the first controller is configured to receive at least the first output signal and the third output signal and generate at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal. Moreover, the system includes a second controller for regulating at least the output voltage. For example, the second controller being configured to receive at least the fourth output signal and generate at least a second control signal and a third control signal based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal. Also, the system includes an oscillator configured to receive at least the first control signal and the second control signal and generate at least a clock signal, and a second signal generator configured to receive at least the clock signal, the third control signal, and a fourth control signal, and generate at least a modulation signal. Additionally, the system includes a gate driver configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch. For example, the switch is configured to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding. Moreover, the system includes a third controller for regulating at least a peak current. For example, the third controller being configured to receive the third control signal, a second sensed signal, and a second threshold voltage, and output the fourth control signal to the second signal generator. In another example, the second sensed signal is associated with the first current flowing through the primary winding for the power converter.

According to another embodiment, a system for regulating a power converter includes a sampling component configured to receive at least an input signal, sample the input signal, and generate at least a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. For example, the input signal being associated with at least a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the system includes an error amplifier configured to receive at least the first output signal and a threshold voltage, generate a second output signal with a capacitor, and generate a third output signal, the capacitor being coupled to the error amplifier. Moreover, the system includes a feed forward component configured to receive the third output signal and generate a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, and a controller for regulating at least the output voltage. For example, the controller is configured to receive at least the second output signal and the fourth output signal, and generate at least a first control signal. Also, the system includes a signal generator configured to receive at least the first control signal and generate at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal, and a gate driver configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch. For example, the switch is configured to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding.

According to yet another embodiment, a system for regulating a power converter includes a sampling component configured to receive at least an input signal, sample the input signal, and generate at least a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes, and an error amplifier configured to receive at least the first output signal and a threshold voltage, generate a second output signal with a capacitor, and generate a third output signal, the capacitor being coupled to the error amplifier. Additionally, the system includes a feed forward component configured to receive the third output signal and generate a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, and a controller configured to receive at least the second output signal and the fourth output signal, and generate at least a control signal. Moreover, the system includes a compensation component configured to receive at least the second output signal and generate at least a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, the input signal being a combination of the compensation signal and another signal.

According to yet another embodiment, a system for regulating a power converter includes a first signal generator configured to receive at least an input signal and generate at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling. For example, the input signal is associated with at least a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the system includes a sampling component configured to receive at least the input signal and the second output signal, sample the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, and generate at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Moreover, the system includes a first controller for regulating at least the output current, which is configured to receive at least the first output signal and the third output signal and generate at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal. Also, the system includes an oscillator configured to receive at least the first control signal and generate at least a clock signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal, and a second signal generator configured to receive at least the clock signal and a second control signal, and generate at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the clock signal and the second control signal. Additionally, the system includes a gate driver configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch. For example, the switch is configured to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding. Moreover, the system includes a third controller for regulating at least a peak current is configured to receive at least a sensed signal and a threshold voltage, and output the second control signal to the second signal generator. For example, the sensed signal is associated with the first current flowing through the primary winding for the power converter. The modulation signal corresponds to a switching frequency, and the first output signal corresponds to a demagnetization pulse width.

According to yet another embodiment, a system for regulating a power converter includes a controller for regulating at least a peak current. For example, the controller is configured to receive at least a sensed signal and a first threshold voltage and generate at least a first control signal, and the sensed signal is associated with a first current flowing through a primary winding for a power converter. Additionally, the system includes a signal generator configured to receive at least the first control signal and generate at least a modulation signal, and a gate driver configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch. For example, the switch is configured to affect the first current. In another example, the controller includes a first comparator configured to receive the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage and generate a comparison signal based on at least information associated with the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage, and a charge pump configured to receive the comparison signal and generate a second control signal based on at least information associated with the comparison signal. Additionally, the controller includes a threshold generator configured to receive the second control signal and generate a second threshold voltage based on at least information associated with the second control signal, and a second comparator configured to receive the second threshold voltage and the sensed signal and generate the first control signal based on at least information associated with the second threshold voltage and the sensed signal.

According to yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least an input signal by a first signal generator, and generating at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling based on at least information associated with the input signal. Additionally, the method includes receiving at least the input signal and the second output signal by a sampling component, sampling the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, generating at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes, receiving at least the third output signal and a first threshold voltage by an error amplifier, and generating at least a fourth output signal with a capacitor coupled to the error amplifier. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the fourth output signal by a compensation component, and generating at least a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal. For example, the input signal is a combination of the compensation signal and a first sensed signal. In another example, the first sensed signal is associated with a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Also, the method includes receiving at least the first output signal and the third output signal by a first controller for regulating at least the output current, generating at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal, receiving at least the fourth output signal by a second controller for regulating at least the output voltage, and generating at least a second control signal and a third control signal based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal. Additionally, the method includes receiving at least the first control signal and the second control signal by an oscillator, generating at least a clock signal by the oscillator, receiving at least the clock signal, the third control signal, and a fourth control signal by a second signal generator, and generating at least a modulation signal by the second signal generator. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver, outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding, receiving the third control signal, a second sensed signal, and a second threshold voltage by a third controller for regulating at least a peak current; and outputting the fourth control signal to the second signal generator. For example, the second sensed signal is associated with the first current flowing through the primary winding for the power converter.

According to yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least an input signal by a sampling component. For example, the input signal is associated with at least a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the method includes sampling the input signal by the sampling component, generating at least a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes, receiving at least the first output signal and a threshold voltage by an error amplifier, and generating a second output signal with a capacitor coupled to the error amplifier. Moreover, the method includes generating a third output signal by the error amplifier, receiving the third output signal by a feed forward component, generating a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, receiving at least the second output signal and the fourth output signal by a controller for regulating at least the output voltage, and generating at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal and the fourth output signal. Also, the method includes receiving at least the first control signal by a signal generator, generating at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal, receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver, and outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding.

According to yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least an input signal by a sampling component, sampling the input signal by the sampling component, and generating at least a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Additionally, the method includes receiving at least the first output signal and a threshold voltage by an error amplifier, generating a second output signal with a capacitor coupled to the error amplifier based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the threshold voltage, and generating a third output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the threshold voltage. Moreover, the method includes receiving the third output signal by a feed forward component, generating a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, receiving at least the second output signal and the fourth output signal by a controller, and generating at least a control signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal and the fourth output signal. Also, the method includes receiving at least the second output signal by a compensation component, and generating at least a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, the input signal being a combination of the compensation signal and another signal.

According to yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least an input signal by a first signal generator. For example, the input signal is associated with at least a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the method includes generating at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling based on at least information associated with the input signal, receiving at least the input signal and the second output signal by a sampling component, sampling the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, and generating at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the first output signal and the third output signal by a first controller for regulating at least the output current, generating at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal, receiving at least the first control signal by an oscillator, and generating at least a clock signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal. Also, the method includes receiving at least the clock signal and a second control signal by a second signal generator, generating at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the clock signal and the second control signal, receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver, and outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding. Additionally, the method includes receiving at least a sensed signal and a threshold voltage by a third controller for regulating at least a peak current, and outputting the second control signal to the second signal generator. The sensed signal being associated with the first current flowing through the primary winding for the power converter, the modulation signal corresponds to a switching frequency, and the first output signal corresponds to a demagnetization pulse width.

According to yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least a sensed signal and a first threshold voltage by a controller for regulating at least a peak current. For example, the sensed signal is associated with a first current flowing through a primary winding for a power converter. Additionally, the method includes generating at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage, receiving at least the first control signal by a signal generator, generating at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal, receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver, and outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect the first current. The process for generating at least a first control signal includes receiving the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage by a first comparator, generating a comparison signal based on at least information associated with the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage, receiving the comparison signal by a charge pump, generating a second control signal based on at least information associated with the comparison signal, receiving the second control signal by a threshold generator, generating a second threshold voltage based on at least information associated with the second control signal, receiving the second threshold voltage and the sensed signal by a second comparator, and generating the first control signal based on at least information associated with the second threshold voltage and the sensed signal.

Many benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. Certain embodiments of the present invention can reduce parts count and/or decrease system cost. Some embodiments of the present invention can improve reliability and/or efficiency. Certain embodiments of the present invention can simplify circuit design in switch mode flyback power converters. Some embodiments of the present invention provide a primary side sensing and regulation scheme. For example, the primary side sensing and regulation scheme can improve the load regulation. In another example, the primary side sensing and regulation scheme can compensate the primary winding inductance variation to achieve constant output current in a flyback converter that employs the primary side regulation. Certain embodiments of the present invention can provide, in the CC mode, a constant output current that does not change as primary winding inductance changes.

Depending upon embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved. These benefits and various additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention can be fully appreciated with reference to the detailed description and accompanying drawings that follow.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified conventional diagram for a switch-mode flyback power conversion system with secondary-side control.

FIG. 2 is a simplified conventional diagram showing characteristics of output voltage and output current of a flyback power conversion system

FIG. 3 is a simplified conventional diagram for a switch-mode flyback power conversion system with primary-side sensing and regulation.

FIG. 4 is another simplified conventional diagram for a switch-mode flyback power conversion system with primary-side regulation.

FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram for a switch-mode power conversion system with primary-side sensing and regulation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram for signal sampling and holding as performed by a component as part of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram showing certain components for output voltage regulation by the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for generating the Demag signal for a component as part of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for generating the Sampling_clk signal for a component as part of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a simplified timing diagram for generating the Sampling_clk signal by a component as part of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a simplified timing diagram for the switch-mode power conversion system according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12( a) is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for a component and an error amplifier as parts of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12( b) is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for a current source as part of a component in the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13( a) is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for a component and an error amplifier as parts of the switch-mode power conversion system according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13( b) is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for a current source as part of a component in the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a simplified diagram showing CMOS implementation of a component and an error amplifier as parts of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for a component as a part of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for a component for constant output current (CC) control as part of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a simplified timing diagram for generating the D2C signal by a pulse copy circuit as part of the switch-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for a component for current sensing (CS) peak regulation as part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to integrated circuits. More particularly, the invention provides systems and methods for constant voltage mode and constant current mode. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to a flyback power converter with primary-side sensing and regulation. But it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram for a switch-mode power conversion system with primary-side sensing and regulation according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

A switch-mode power conversion system 500 includes a primary winding 502, a secondary winding 504, and an auxiliary winding 506. Additionally, the conversion system 500 includes resistors 510, 512, and 580. Moreover, the conversion system 500 includes a capacitor 526, a switch 550, and a diode 554. Also, the conversion system 500 includes the following components:

a component 520 for generating a Demag signal and a Sampling_clk signal;

a component 522 for sampling and holding one or more signals;

an error amplifier 524;

a component 532 for load compensation;

a component 534 for constant voltage (CV) control;

a component 538 for generating a PWM/PFM modulation signal;

a component 540 for current sensing (CS) peak regulation;

a component 542 for constant current (CC) control;

a component 546 for generating a gate drive signal;

an oscillator 562; and

a component 568 for feed forward.

In one embodiment, the components 520, 522, 532, 534, 538, 540, 542, 546, and 568, the error amplifier 524, and the oscillator 562 are located on a chip 590. For example, the chip 590 includes at least terminals 516, 530, 552, and 566. Although the above has been shown using a selected group of components for the system 500, there can be many alternatives, modifications, and variations. For example, some of the components may be expanded and/or combined. Other components may be inserted to those noted above. Depending upon the embodiment, the arrangement of components may be interchanged with others replaced. For example, the system 500 is a switch-mode flyback power conversion system. Further details of these components are found throughout the present specification and more particularly below.

As shown in FIG. 5, an output voltage V_(out) is sensed by the primary side of the conversation system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. For example, the sensing of the output voltage V_(out) depends at least in part on the ratio of turns between the secondary winding 504 and the auxiliary winding 506. For example, the secondary winding 504 is coupled tightly to the auxiliary winding 506. In another example, the secondary winding 504 sends a signal 556 to the diode 554, and is coupled to the output of the conversion system 500 through the diode 554.

In one embodiment, an output signal 508 of the auxiliary winding 506 is represented by V_(AUX). In another embodiment, the output signal 508 is processed by a voltage divider including the resistor 510 (i.e., R₁) and the resistor 512 (i.e., R₂). From the voltage divider, an output signal 514 (i.e., V_(INV)) is fed into the terminal 516 (i.e., the terminal INV). For example, the output signal 514 is load compensated by the component 532. In another example, the compensated signal 514 is fed into both the components 520 and 522.

According to an embodiment, the component 532 includes one or more devices as shown in FIGS. 12( a), 12(b), 13(a), and/or 13(b). According to another embodiment, the component 520 includes certain devices as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. For example, the component 520 outputs the Sampling_clk signal to the component 522. Using the Sampling_clk signal, the component 522 generates a Holding_clk signal.

In one embodiment, the component 522 samples the compensated signal 514 based on the Sampling_clk signal, and holds the sampled signal based on the Holding_clk signal. For example, the component 522 samples the compensated signal 514 near the end of de-magnetization and holds the sampled signal until the next sampling. In another example, the sampling and holding process is shown in FIG. 6.

Also as shown in FIG. 5, a sampled and held signal V_(samp) is sent from the component 522 to the error amplifier 524. According to certain embodiments, the component 524 includes some devices as shown in FIGS. 12( a), 12(b), 13(a), and/or 13(b). The error amplifier 524 also receives a reference signal V_(ref). For example, the reference signal V_(ref) is compensated based on the output loading of the conversion system 500. In another example, the signal V_(samp) is compared with the reference signal V_(ref), and their difference is amplified by the error amplifier 524. In one embodiment, the error amplifier 524 generates an output signal 528 with the capacitor 526. For example, the capacitor 526 is connected to the error amplifier 524 through the terminal 530 (i.e., the terminal COMP). In another example, the output signal 528 (i.e., V_(COMP)) reflects the load condition. In yet another example, V_(COMP)) is used to affect the PWM/PFM switching frequency and the PWM/PFM pulse width in order to regulate the output voltage V_(out).

As shown in FIG. 5, the output signal 528 is sent to the components 532 and 534. For example, the component 534 keeps the output voltage V_(out) constant in the constant voltage (CV) mode. In another example, the component 534 sends a control signal 536 to the component 538 and a control signal 558 to the oscillator 562. In response, the oscillator 562 outputs a clock signal 560 to the component 538.

Additionally, in one embodiment, the error amplifier 524 also outputs a signal 570 to the component 568, which, in response, generates and sends a signal 572 to the component 534. In another embodiment, the component 534 receives both the signal 572 and the signal 528.

As shown in FIG. 5, the component 520 also sends a Demag signal to the component 542, which also receives the signal V_(samp). In response, the component 542 outputs a control signal 592. According to an embodiment, the control signal 592 is used to keep an output current I_(out) constant in the constant current (CC) mode. For example, the component 542 includes one or more devices as shown in FIG. 15. In another example, the component 542, through the oscillator 562, locks the switching frequency according to the primary-winding inductance and thus compensates for the variations in primary-winding inductance. In yet another example, the output current I_(out) in the constant current (CC) mode is made independent of primary-winding inductance.

According to one embodiment, the component 538 receives at least the signals 560, 536 and 592 and a signal 574 from the component 540. The component 540 receives Vth_oc in addition to a signal 564 from the terminal 566 (i.e., the terminal CS). For example, Vth_oc represents a predetermined threshold voltage level. In another example, the signal 564 is a voltage signal. In response, the component 538 outputs a control signal 544 to the component 546, which in turns sends a drive signal 548 to the switch 550. For example, the control signal 544 is a modulation signal. In another example, the switch is a power MOSFET. In yet another example, the switch is a power BJT. In yet another example, the switch is connected to the component 546 through the terminal 552 (i.e., the terminal Gate). In yet another example, the drive signal 548 is represented by V_(Gate).

According to one embodiment, the control signal 544 is used to determine the turn-on time and the switching frequency for PWM/PFM control. For example, the larger magnitude of V_(COMP) results in longer turn-on time and thus higher level of power delivered to the output. In another example, the larger magnitude of V_(COMP) results in higher switching frequency and thus higher level of power delivered to the output. According to another embodiment, the turn-on time for PWM/PFM control is determined by the component 538, and the switching frequency for PWM/PFM control is determined by the oscillator 562.

As discussed above and further emphasized here, FIG. 5 is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example, the conversion system 500 includes one or more components that are not shown in FIG. 5. In another example, the conversion system 500 includes one or more connections that are not shown in FIG. 5. In yet another example, the conversion system 500 includes one or more components that are different from ones shown in FIG. 5. In yet another example, the conversion system 500 includes one or more connections that are different from ones shown in FIG. 5. In yet another example, the capacitor 526 can be replaced by another circuit for loop stabilization compensation.

FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram for signal sampling and holding as performed by the component 522 as part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 6, the waveform 610 represents V_(Gate) as a function of time, the waveform 620 represents V_(AUX) as a function of time, the waveform 630 represents V_(INV) as a function of time, and the waveform 660 represents V_(samp) as a function of time. Additionally, the waveform 640 represents the Sampling_clk signal as a function of time, and the waveform 650 represents the Holding_clk signal as a function of time.

Referring to FIG. 5, the signal V_(Gate) as shown by the waveform 610 is sent to the switch 550. For example, after the switch 550 is turned off by V_(Gate), the energy stored in the primary winding 502 is transferred to both the auxiliary winding 506 and the secondary winding 504 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In another example, the signal V_(AUX) as shown by the waveform 620 resembles the signal 556 at the secondary winding 504. In one embodiment, the signal 556 reflects the output voltage V_(out) near the end of each de-magnetization period. In yet another example, the signal V_(INV) as shown by the waveform 630 resembles the signal V_(AUX) as shown by the waveform 620 during each de-magnetization period.

Additionally, the waveform 640 shows that pulses of the Sampling_clk signal are generated at ends of de-magnetization periods according to an embodiment of the present invention. According to another embodiment, the waveform 650 shows that pulses of the Holding_clk signal are generated at ends of the de-magnetization periods.

As shown by the waveform 630, the signal V_(INV) is sampled at the falling edges of the Sampling_clk signal and held during the rest of clock periods according to an embodiment. For example, the sampled and held values for the signal V_(INV) is used to generate the signal V_(samp). In another example, the signal amplitude V_(a) reflects the output voltage of the component 522.

As discussed above and further emphasized here, FIG. 6 is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example, V_(a) changes from one sampling clock period to another sampling clock period, so V_(samp) also changes in magnitude from one sampling clock period to another sampling clock period.

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram showing certain components for output voltage regulation by the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 7, the voltage divider receives the signal 508 from the auxiliary winding 506, and outputs the signal 514 to the terminal INV according to an embodiment. In another embodiment, the signal 514 is load compensated by the component 532. The compensated signal 514 is fed into both the components 520 and 522.

For example, the component 522 samples the compensated signal 514 near the end of de-magnetization and hold the sampled signal until the next sampling. The sampled and held signal V_(samp) is sent from the component 522 to the error amplifier 524, which also receives a reference signal V_(ref). The signal V_(samp) is compared with the reference signal V_(ref), and their difference is amplified by the error amplifier 524.

In one embodiment, the error amplifier 524 generates an output signal 528 with the capacitor 526. For example, the capacitor 526 is connected to the error amplifier 524 through the terminal 530 (i.e., the terminal COMP). In another example, the output signal 528 (i.e., V_(COMP)) reflects the load condition and affects the PWM/PFM switching frequency and the PWM/PFM pulse width in order to regulate the output voltage V_(out).

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 7, the output signal 528 (i.e., V_(COMP)) is sent to the component 534 according to an embodiment. For example, the component 534 sends a control signal 536 to the component 538 and a control signal 558 to the oscillator 562. In one embodiment, the control signal 558 is the current injected into the oscillator 562. In response, the oscillator 562 processes the control signal 558 in order to determine the frequency of the clock signal 560, and also outputs the clock signal 560 to the component 538. In another example, the component 538 receives both the signals 560 and 536, and outputs a control signal 544 to the component 546. The component 546 processes the control signal 544 in order to determine both the PWM/PFM switching frequency and the PWM/PFM pulse width. In one embodiment, the PWM/PFM pulse width is used to determine the current of the primary winding 502. The current of the primary winding 502 and the PWM/PFM switching frequency together are used to regulate the output voltage and maintain its constant magnitude in the CV mode.

According to one embodiment, if the magnitude of V_(comp) is smaller than a predetermined value, the power conversion system 500 is in the CV mode. For example, if the voltage V_(samp) is equal to V_(ref) in magnitude, V_(comp) is smaller than the predetermined value. In the CV mode, V_(comp) is used to adjust the PWM/PFM switching frequency, and/or pulse width. For example, the PWM/PFM switching frequency and the PWM/PFM pulse width both are controlled in order to keep the output voltage V_(out) constant.

According to another embodiment, if the magnitude of V_(comp) exceeds the predetermined value, the power conversion system 500 is in the CC mode. For example, if the voltage V_(samp) is lower than V_(ref) in magnitude, V_(comp) would exceed the predetermined value. In the CC mode, to regulate the output current I_(out), the voltage V_(samp) is used to control the switching frequency. For example, the PWM/PFM switching frequency is linearly proportional to V_(samp), which in turn is proportional to the output voltage V_(out).

As discussed above, referring to FIG. 5, the component 520 includes devices as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for generating the Demag signal for the component 520 as part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 8, the signal V_(INV) is received by the component 520 and is compared with two threshold voltages. One threshold voltage is V_(th1), and the other threshold voltage is V_(samp)−V_(th2). V_(th1) and V_(th2) are predetermined constants, and V_(samp) is the previously sampled voltage received from the component 522. Based at least in part on the comparison between the signal V_(INV) and the two threshold voltages, the Demag signal is generated. For example, the de-magnetization period is detected in order to generate the Demag signal.

FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for generating the Sampling_clk signal for the component 520 as part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 8, the Demag signal is generated. Based at least in part on the Demag signal, other signals P_(in1), P_(in2), S_(ync1), S_(ync2), Samp1 and Samp2 are also generated as shown in FIG. 9. The duration information for the Demag signal is stored by integrators. For example, the integrators include switches and capacitors 910 and 920 (i.e., capacitors C1 and C2 respectively). In another example, the voltages for the capacitors C1 and C2 are V_(C1) at the node 912 and V_(C2) at the node 922, respectively.

In one embodiment, the switches are controlled by the signals P_(in1) and P_(in2). In another embodiment, the stored duration information for the Demag signal is used to determine the timing for the next pulse of the Sampling_clk signal. For example, the next pulse of the Sampling_clk signal appears right before the end of the de-magnetization period as shown in FIG. 6. Additionally, the width of the next pulse is determined by a one-shot device 930.

FIG. 10 is a simplified timing diagram for generating the Sampling_clk signal by the component 520 as part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 10, the waveform 1010 represents the Sampling_clk signal as a function of time, the waveform 1020 represents the Tpau signal as a function of time, and the waveform 1030 represents the Samp1 signal as a function of time. Additionally, the waveform 1040 represents V_(C2) as a function of time. Also, the waveform 1050 represents the S_(ync2) signal as a function of time, the waveform 1060 represents the P_(in1) signal as a function of time, and the waveform 1070 represents the Demag signal as a function of time. For example, the Sampling_clk signal, the Tpau signal, the Samp1 signal, the S_(ync2) signal, the P_(in1) signal, and the Demag signal

According to one embodiment, the timing of the Sampling_clk signal is determined based on timing and duration of the Demag signal in the previous period, and the P_(in1) and P_(in2) signals are each generated based at least in part on duration of the Demag signal in the current period. For example, the duration of the Demag signal is the pulse width of the Demag signal as shown in FIG. 10. According to another embodiment, the Samp1 signal has the same pulse width as the Samp2 signal. For example, the pulse width is equal to the time interval between turning off the switch 550 and the next sampling. In another example, the Samp1 and Samp2 signals are used to determine the timing for the Sampling_clk signal.

In one embodiment, the relationship between the P_(in1) signal and the Samp2 signal can be described by the difference equation below. βP _(in1)(k−1−α*Samp₂(k−1)−A*δ(k)=Samp₂(k)  (4)

where P_(in1) represents the P_(in1) signal, and Samp₂ represents the Samp2 signal. The relationship can be further described by the following Z-transform:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\beta\;{P_{{in}\; 1}(Z)}Z^{- 1}} - {\alpha*{{Samp}_{2}(Z)}Z^{- 1}} - A} = {{Samp}_{2}(Z)}} & (5) \\ {{and}\begin{matrix} {{{Samp}_{2}(Z)} = \frac{{\beta*{P_{{in}\; 1}(Z)}Z^{- 1}} - A}{1 + {\alpha*Z^{- 1}}}} \\ {= {\frac{\beta*{P_{{in}\; 1}(Z)}Z^{- 1}}{1 + {\alpha*Z^{- 1}}} - \frac{A}{1 + {\alpha*Z^{- 1}}}}} \end{matrix}} & (6) \end{matrix}$

where A is a constant initial value.

Additionally, the second term

${\frac{A}{1 + {\alpha*Z^{- 1}}}->{0\mspace{14mu}\left( {{time}->\infty} \right)}};$ therefore

$\begin{matrix} {{Samp}_{2} \approx \frac{\beta*P_{{in}\; 1}Z^{- 1}}{1 + {\alpha*Z^{- 1}}}} & (7) \end{matrix}$

From equation 7, it can be seen that the pulse width for the Samp2 signal is updated every cycle according to the duration of the Demag signal in the previous period.

FIG. 11 is a simplified timing diagram for the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to another embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 11, the waveform 1110 represents V_(out) as a function of time, the waveform 1120 represents V_(INV) as a function of time, and the waveform 1130 represents the Demag signal as a function of time. Additionally, the waveform 1140 represents the voltage level for the signal 564 at the terminal CS as a function of time, and the waveform 1150 represents the signal 548 at the terminal Gate as a function of time.

As discussed above, referring to FIG. 5, the component 532 includes one or more devices as shown in FIGS. 12( a), 12(b), 13(a), and/or 13(b), and the component 524 includes some devices as shown in FIGS. 12( a), 12(b), 13(a), and/or 13(b) according to certain embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 12( a) is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for the component 532 and the error amplifier 524 as parts of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 12( a), the component 532 includes a current source 1230, and the error amplifier 524 includes a component 1210 and a transconductance amplifier 1220. For example, the component 1210 determines the difference between two input signals in magnitude.

For example, the component 1210 receives the voltage signal V_(samp) and the reference signal V_(ref) and generates the signal 570 whose magnitude is equal to V_(ref)−V_(samp). In another example, the transconductance amplifier 1220 amplifies the signal 570 to generate the output signal 528. According to one embodiment, the output signal 528 is received by the capacitor 526. For example, the capacitor 526 serves as a low-pass filter for the closed loop. Additionally, the component 568 as a part of a feed forward path provides a zero to the closed loop in order to improve operation stability of the conversion system 500.

The current source 1230 generates a current I_COMPEN_P that varies with the output loading. The current I_COMPEN_P flows through the terminal INV and the resistor 512. For example, the current I_COMPEN_P is used to compensate for voltage drop from the cable and other voltage loss that vary with the output current I_(out). In another example, the I_COMPEN_P current reaches its maximum at no load condition, and becomes zero at full load condition.

According to one embodiment, with load compensation, the output voltage V_(out) can be expressed as follows.

$\begin{matrix} {V_{out} = {{k \cdot V_{Ref}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - {{k \cdot {I\_ COMPEN}}{{\_ P} \cdot \left( {R_{1}//R_{2}} \right)}}}} & (8) \end{matrix}$

where n is the ratio of turns between the auxiliary winding 506 and the secondary winding 504. Additionally, V_(D1) is the forward diode drop voltage for the diode 554, and

$\begin{matrix} {k = \frac{R_{1} + R_{2}}{n \cdot R_{2}}} & (9) \end{matrix}$

For example, the last term in equation 8 represents a compensation factor for canceling the voltage drop from the cable.

FIG. 12( b) is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for the current source 1230 as part of the component 532 in the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

Referring to FIG. 12( a), the component 532 includes the current source 1230. As shown in FIG. 12( b), the current source 1230 includes a voltage-to-current converter 1240, a constant current source 1250, and a component 1260. For example, the component 1260 determines the difference between two input signals in magnitude.

For example, the signal 528 (i.e., V_(COMP)) is received by the voltage-to-current converter 1240 and converted into a current I_COMPEN. In another example, the constant current source 1250 generates a constant current Icc. Both the currents Icc and I_COMPEN are received by the component 1260, which generates the current I_COMPEN_P. In one embodiment, the current I_COMPEN_P is equal to Icc−I_COMPEN. In another embodiment, if V_(COMP) becomes larger, the current I_COMPEN_P becomes smaller.

FIG. 13( a) is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for the component 532 and the error amplifier 524 as parts of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to another embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 13( a), the component 532 includes a current sink 1330, and the error amplifier 524 includes a component 1310 and a transconductance amplifier 1320. For example, the component 1310 determines the difference between two input signals in magnitude.

For example, the component 1310 receives the voltage signal V_(samp) and the reference signal V_(ref) and generates the signal 570 whose magnitude is equal to V_(ref)−V_(samp). In another example, the transconductance amplifier 1320 amplifies the signal 570 and generates the output signal 528. According to one embodiment, the output signal 528 is received by the capacitor 526. For example, the capacitor 526 serves as a low-pass filter for the closed loop. Additionally, the component 568 as a part of a feed forward path provides a zero to the closed loop in order to improve operation stability of the conversion system 500.

The current sink 1330 generates a current I_COMPEN_N that varies with the output loading. The current I_COMPEN_N flows from the resistor 510 and the terminal INV. For example, the current I_COMPEN_N is used to compensate for voltage drop from the cable and other voltage loss that vary with the output current I_(out). In another example, the I_COMPEN_N current reaches its maximum at full load condition, and becomes zero at no load condition.

FIG. 13( b) is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for the current sink 1330 as part of the component 532 in the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

Referring to FIG. 13( a), the component 532 includes the current sink 1330. As shown in FIG. 13( b), the current sink 1330 includes a voltage-to-current converter 1340 and a current mirror including transistors 1350 and 1360. For example, the signal 528 (i.e., V_(COMP)) is received by the voltage-to-current converter 1340 and converted into a current I_COMPEN. In another example, the current I_COMPEN is received by the current mirror, which generates the current I_COMPEN_N. In one embodiment, the current I_COMPEN_N is equal to m×I_COMPEN, and m is a positive integer. In another embodiment, if V_(COMP) becomes larger, the current I_COMPEN_N also becomes larger.

FIG. 14 is a simplified diagram showing CMOS implementation of the component 568 and the error amplifier 524 as parts of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

FIG. 15 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for the component 542 as a part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 15, the component 542 includes a voltage-to-current converter 1510, a component 1520, and a phase-lock loop 1530. For example, the component 1520 determines the difference between two input signals in magnitude. In another example, the component 1520 receives a signal 1512 from the voltage-to-current converter 1510 and a signal 1534 from the phase-lock loop 1530, and outputs a signal 1522 representing the difference between the signal 1512 and the signal 1534 in magnitude.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 15, the component 522 samples the signal 514 and generates the signal V_(samp). Additionally, the Demag signal is generated by the component 520. In one embodiment, the duration of the Demag signal is proportional to the current of the primary winding 502 and also to the current of the secondary winding 504. For example, the duration of the Demag signal is the pulse width of the Demag signal as shown in FIG. 10.

In one embodiment, if the signal V_(samp) is smaller than the signal V_(ref) in magnitude, the magnitude of V_(comp) exceeds the predetermined value, and the power conversion system 500 is in the CC mode. For example, the magnitude of V_(comp) reaches its maximum, and the CC mode is detected. In another embodiment, in CC mode, the PWM/PFM switching frequency is controlled by the voltage V_(samp). For example, the PWM/PFM switching frequency is linearly proportional to V_(samp), which in turn is proportional to the output voltage V_(out).

For example, in CC mode, V_(out) under discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is given by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {{Po} = {{{Vo}*{Io}} = {\frac{1}{2}\eta\; L_{P}F_{SW}I_{p}^{2}}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

where Po represents the output power of the conversion system 500. Additionally, Vo and Io represent the output voltage V_(out) and the output current I_(out) respectively. Moreover, Lp represents the inductance of the primary winding 502, Fsw represents the switching frequency, and Ip represents the peak current of the primary winding 502. η is constant.

If Fsw is proportional to V_(samp), Fsw is also proportional to Vo as follows. F _(SW) =εVo

where ε is constant. Combining equations 10 and 11, then

$\begin{matrix} {{Io} = {{\frac{1}{2}\eta\; L_{P}\frac{F_{SW}}{Vo}I_{p}^{2}} = {\frac{1}{2}\eta\; L_{P}ɛ\; I_{p}^{2}}}} & (12) \end{matrix}$

Since η and ε are constants, the output current Io is constant if Ip and Lp both are precisely controlled. But if Lp is not precisely controlled, Io may change even in the CC mode.

$\begin{matrix} {{Alternatively},{{{if}\mspace{14mu} L_{p}\frac{F_{SW}}{Vo}} = \alpha}} & (13) \end{matrix}$

where α is constant, then

$\begin{matrix} {{Io} = {\frac{1}{2}{\eta\alpha}\; I_{p}^{2}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

Hence Io can be made constant if Ip is precisely controlled and if equation 13 is satisfied.

Additionally, for flyback operation, according to an embodiment, the demagnetization duration can be determined by inductance Ls of the secondary winding 504, the peak current I_(P) _(—) _(sec) of the secondary winding 504, and the output voltage Vo as follows. For example, the demagnetization duration is the same as the duration of the Demag signal, such as the pulse width of the Demag signal as shown in FIG. 10.

$\begin{matrix} {T_{Demag} = \frac{{Ls} \times I_{P\_ sec}}{Vo}} & (15) \end{matrix}$

Since Ls is proportional to Lp and I_(p) _(—) _(sec) is proportional to Ip,

$\begin{matrix} {T_{Demag} = {\beta\;\frac{{Lp} \times I_{P}}{Vo}}} & (16) \end{matrix}$

where β is a constant. If equation 13 is satisfied, then

$\begin{matrix} {{T_{Demag} \times F_{SW}} = {{\beta\;\frac{{Lp} \times I_{P}}{Vo} \times F_{SW}} = {{\alpha\beta}\; I_{p}}}} & (17) \end{matrix}$

Hence, if Ip is precisely controlled,

$\begin{matrix} {{T_{Demag} \times F_{SW}} = \gamma} & (18) \\ {{and}{I_{p} = \frac{\gamma}{\alpha\beta}}} & (19) \end{matrix}$

where γ is constant. Combining equations 14 and 19,

$\begin{matrix} {{Io} = {\frac{1}{2\beta}{\eta\gamma}\; I_{p}}} & (20) \end{matrix}$

According to an embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 15, in the CC mode, the PWM/PFM switching frequency is locked by the phase locked loop 1530.

$\begin{matrix} {{{For}\mspace{14mu}{example}},{F_{SW} = \frac{\gamma}{T_{Demag}}}} & (21) \\ {{{and}\mspace{14mu}{Io}} \propto {\gamma\; I_{p}}} & (22) \end{matrix}$

According to another embodiment, by adjusting F_(sw) based on T_(Demag) according to equation 21, γ remains constant. For example, γ is a constant equal to or larger than 0.25 and equal to or smaller than 0.75. Hence, the output current Io is kept constant, so long as I_(p), in addition to γ, is also controlled to be constant, according to equation 22.

For example, the component 542 locks the switching frequency F_(SW) according to inductance of the primary winding 502 and thus compensates for the variations in the primary-winding inductance. In yet another example, the output current I_(out) in the constant current (CC) mode is made independent of primary-winding inductance. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 15, the oscillator 562 receives the signal 1522 from the component 1520 as part of the component 542, and also sends a clock signal 1532 to the phase-lock loop 1530 as part of the component 542, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for the component 542 for constant output current (CC) control as part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 16, the component 542 includes a pulse copy circuit 1620, a phase detector 1630, a charge pump 1640, and a self calibration circuit 1650. In one embodiment, the pulse copy circuit 1620 receives the Demag signal from the component 520 and a clock signal 1614 from a clock divider 1610, and generates a signal 1629. The clock signal 1614 is represented by CLK4, and the signal 1629 is represented by D2C. For example, the signal D2C is a copy of the Demag signal but synchronized with the clock signal CLK4.

In another embodiment, the pulse copy circuit 1620 includes a NAND gate 1622, MOS transistors 1624 and 1626, and a capacitor 1628. For example, the NAND gate 1622 receives the Demag signal and the clock signal 1614, and generates a voltage signal D2. As shown in FIG. 16, the voltage signal D2 controls the MOS transistor 1622. For example, if the signal D2 is at a logic low level, the MOS transistor 1622 charges the capacitor 1628 with a current I_(p2). In another example, if the signal D2 is at a logic high level, the MOS transistor 1624 discharges the capacitor 1628 with a current I_(n2). According to one embodiment, immediately prior to such discharge, the voltage of the capacitor 1628 reflects the pulse width at the low voltage level for the signal D2. According to another embodiment, the current I_(p2) is equal to the current I_(n2). For example, the pulse width at the low voltage level for the signal D2 is the same as the pulse width at the high voltage level for the signal D2C. In another example, the rising edge of the signal D2C is synchronized with the falling edge of the clock signal 1614. In yet another example, the rising edge of the signal D2C is synchronized with the falling edge of a clock signal 1612, which is represented by CLK2.

FIG. 17 is a simplified timing diagram for generating the D2C signal by the pulse copy circuit 1620 as part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

The waveform 1710 represents the clock signal CLK2 as a function of time, the waveform 1720 represents the clock signal CLK4 as a function of time, and the waveform 1730 represents the Demag signal as a function of time. Additionally, the waveform 1740 represents the D2 signal as a function of time, and the waveform 1750 represents the D2C signal as a function of time.

As shown in FIG. 17, as the result, the rising edge of the D2C signal is synchronized with the falling edge of the clock signal CLK2 and the falling edge of the clock signal CLK4. Also, as shown in FIG. 17, the pulse width at the high voltage level for the Demag signal is the same as the pulse width at the high voltage level for the D2C signal.

Returning to FIG. 16, the signal 1629 is outputted from the pulse copy circuit 1620 to the phase detector 1630. The phase detector 1630 includes a D flip-flop 1632. For example, the D flip-flop 1632 compares the pulse width at the high voltage level for the D2C signal and the pulse width at the low voltage level for the clock signal CLK2.

In one embodiment, if the pulse width at the high voltage level for the D2C signal is larger than the pulse width at the low voltage level for the clock signal CLK2, a signal 1634 at the Q terminal is at the high voltage level and a signal 1636 at the QN terminal is at the low voltage level. In another embodiment, if the pulse width at the high voltage level for the D2C signal is smaller than the pulse width at the low voltage level for the clock signal CLK2, the signal 1634 at the Q terminal is at the low voltage level and the signal 1636 at the QN terminal is at the high voltage level.

As shown in FIG. 16, the signals 1634 and 1636 are received by the charge pump 1640. The charge pump 1640 includes a capacitor 1642. For example, the capacitor 1642 is charged or discharged in response to the signals 1634 and 1636. In another example, the charge and discharge of the capacitor 1642 is used to regulate a current signal 1644, which is represented by I_(cc).

According to an embodiment, the current signal 1644 is received by the oscillator 562, which generates a clock signal 1660. For example, the current signal 1644 is used to regulate the bias current of the oscillator 562 in order to regulate the frequency of the clock signal 1660.

As discussed above and further emphasized here, FIG. 5 is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example, as shown in FIG. 16, the conversion system 500 includes a clock divider 1610, which receives the clock signal 1660 and generates the clock signals 1612 and 1614.

According to one embodiment, the frequency of the clock signal 1612 is half of the frequency of the clock signal 1660. According to another embodiment, the frequency of the clock signal 1612 is twice as much as the frequency of the clock signal 1614. For example, as shown in FIG. 17, the falling edge of the clock signal 1614 (i.e., the clock signal CLK4) is synchronized with the falling edge of the clock signal 1612 (i.e., the clock signal CLK2).

Returning to FIG. 16, the clock signals 1612 and 1614 are outputted to the component 542 for constant current (CC) control. For example, the clock signal 1532 as shown in FIG. 15 represents the clock signals 1612 and 1614. In another example, even though FIGS. 5 and 15 do not explicitly show the clock divider 1610, the clock divider 1610 is a part of the conversion system 500 according to an embodiment.

In response, the component 542 generates the current signal 1644, which is received by the oscillator 562. For example, the current signal 1644 is the signal 1534 as shown in FIG. 15. According to one embodiment, the oscillator 562, the clock divider 1610, and the component 542 forms a loop.

For example, the loop has a sufficiently high gain. In another example, after the loop becomes stable, the period of the clock signal 1612 is locked at twice as long as the pulse width at the high voltage level for the Demag signal. In one embodiment, the pulse width at the high voltage level for the Demag signal is the same as the pulse width at the high voltage level for the clock signal 1612 (i.e., the clock signal CLK2), as shown in FIG. 17. In another embodiment, the period for the clock signal 1612 is equal to a constant multiplied by the pulse width at the high voltage level for the Demag signal. For example, the constant is equal to 1/γ.

Also as shown in FIG. 17 and discussed above, the pulse width at the high voltage level for the Demag signal is the same as the pulse width at the high voltage level for the D2C signal according to an embodiment of the present invention. Hence, for example, the pulse width at the high voltage level for the D2C signal is the same as the pulse width at the high voltage level for the clock signal CLK2.

Again returning to FIG. 16, the self calibration circuit 1650 is configured to calibrate the magnitude of the current I_(p2) and the magnitude of the current I_(n). For example, the magnitude of the current I_(p2) is equal to the magnitude of the current I_(n).

According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 16, the Demag signal and the clock signal CLK4 are fed into the loop that includes the oscillator 562, the clock divider 1610, and the component 542. The loop adjusts the frequency of the clock signal CLK2 such that the frequency of the clock signal CLK2 is locked to the frequency of the Demag signal. For example, the frequency of the clock signal CLK2 is equal to the switching frequency of the drive signal 548, as shown in Equation 21.

As discussed above, in one embodiment, the output current I_(out) is determined by the peak current I_(p) of the primary winding 502 when the switch 550 turns off. But the peak current I_(p) may change with an AC input voltage (e.g., VAC in FIG. 5) due to the propagation delay of the control circuit. For example, the higher AC input voltage results in the higher peak current I_(p) and vice versa. Therefore, the peak current I_(p) should be precisely controlled at a constant level regardless of the input AC voltage according to one embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a simplified diagram showing certain devices for the component 540 for current sensing (CS) peak regulation as part of the switch-mode power conversion system 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIG. 18, the component 540 includes a high-speed comparator 1810, a charge pump 1820, a dynamic threshold generator 1830, and an over-current-protection (OCP) comparator 1840.

In one embodiment, the high-speed comparator 1810 receives Vth_oc in addition to the signal 564 from the terminal 566 (i.e., the terminal CS). For example, the current that flows through the primary winding 502 is sensed by the resistor 580, whose resistance is represented by Rs. As shown in FIG. 5, a current 582, whose magnitude is represented by Is, flows through the resistor 580, and in response, the resistor 580 generates the voltage signal 564, whose magnitude is represented by Vcs. In another example, at the time when the switch 550 is just being turned off, Vcs is compared with Vth_oc.

In another embodiment, the high-speed comparator 1810 compares Vth_oc with the signal 564, and generates a comparison signal 1812. The comparison signal 1812 is represented by OCP_det. For example, the comparison signal 1812 is received by the charge pump 1820. In another example, the charge pump 1820 includes an RS latch 1822 and a capacitor 1824. In one embodiment, the RS latch 1822 receives the comparison signal 1812 and in response controls charging and discharging of the capacitor 1824. In another embodiment, the capacitor 1824 provides a voltage signal 1826, which is received by the dynamic threshold generator 1830.

In yet another embodiment, the dynamic threshold generator 1830 converts the voltage signal 1826 into a current signal. For example, the converted current signal is processed by current mirrors, which generate a dynamic current signal 1832. The dynamic current signal 1832 is represented by Iocp_PWM. In another example, the current signal 1832 is received by a dynamic resistor 1834, which is represented by R2. In one embodiment, the dynamic resistor 1834 includes a linear resistor 1836 and transistors 1838 and 1839. For example, the transistors 1838 and 1839 provide temperature-related resistance compensation.

In another embodiment, the dynamic resistor 1834 converts the current signal 1832 into a voltage signal 1835. The voltage signal 1835 is represented by OCP_ref. For example, if Vth_oc is smaller than the voltage signal 564 in magnitude, the voltage signal 1835 would be adjusted lower by the dynamic threshold generator 1830. In another example, if Vth_oc is larger than the voltage signal 564 in magnitude, the voltage signal 1835 would be adjusted higher by the dynamic threshold generator 1830.

As shown in FIG. 18, the voltage signal 1835 is received by the over-current-protection (OCP) comparator 1840. The OCP comparator 1840 also receives the signal 564 from the terminal 566 (i.e., the terminal CS). For example, the OCP comparator 1840 compares OCP_ref with the signal 564, and generates the signal 574. In another example, the signal 574 is received by the component 538 in order to regulate the peak current of the primary winding 502.

As discussed above, the signal 564 is, for example, compared with Vth_OC by the high-speed comparator 1810, and compared with OCP_ref by the OCP comparator 1840. In one embodiment, the high-speed comparator 1810, the charge pump 1820, the dynamic threshold generator 1830, the OCP comparator 1840, and others form a loop with a high gain. In another embodiment, even if the change in line voltage causes the change of slope for the signal 564, the peak current of the primary winding 502 is maintained at a constant level. In yet another embodiment, even if the propagation delay for the PWM/PFM signal changes, the peak current of the primary winding 502 is maintained at a constant level.

According to yet another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 18, the comparison signal 1812 is used to control the charge pump 1820 in order to adjust the voltage signal 1835 that is represented by OCP_ref. For example, the voltage signal 1835 serves as the threshold voltage of the OCP comparator 1840. As a result, the peak current of the primary winding 502 is regulated by an internal loop such that the peak current equals to

$\frac{Vth\_ oc}{Rs},$ regardless of the magnitude of the line voltage, according to certain embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, based on equation 20, the constant output current is, for example, as follows.

$\begin{matrix} {{Io} = {\frac{1}{2\beta}{\eta\gamma}\frac{Vth\_ oc}{Rs}}} & (23) \end{matrix}$

In another example, the output voltage Vo is controlled by regulating the output signal 514 that is represented by V_(INV). Therefore, the constant voltage Vo and the constant current Io can be obtained in the CV mode and the CC mode respectively, according to some embodiments of the present invention. For example, the CC mode is applicable for charging a battery until the voltage of the battery reaches the predetermined magnitude.

According to another embodiment, a system (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5) for regulating a power converter includes a first signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 520) configured to receive at least an input signal and generate at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling. Additionally, the system includes a sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522) configured to receive at least the input signal and the second output signal, sample the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, and generate at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Moreover, the system includes an error amplifier (e.g., as shown by the component 524) configured to receive at least the third output signal and a first threshold voltage and generate at least a fourth output signal with a capacitor, the capacitor being coupled to the error amplifier. Also, the system includes a compensation component (e.g., as shown by the component 532) configured to receive at least the fourth output signal and generate at least a compensation signal. The input signal is a combination of the compensation signal and a first sensed signal. The first sensed signal is associated with a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the system includes the first controller (e.g., as shown by the component 542) for regulating at least the output current. For example, the first controller is configured to receive at least the first output signal and the third output signal and generate at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal. Moreover, the system includes a second controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534) for regulating at least the output voltage. For example, the second controller being configured to receive at least the fourth output signal and generate at least a second control signal (e.g., as shown by the signal 558) and a third control signal (e.g., as shown by the signal 536) based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal. Also, the system includes an oscillator (e.g., as shown by the component 562) configured to receive at least the first control signal and the second control signal and generate at least a clock signal, and a second signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538) configured to receive at least the clock signal, the third control signal, and a fourth control signal, and generate at least a modulation signal. Additionally, the system includes a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546) configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch. For example, the switch is configured to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding. Moreover, the system includes a third controller (e.g., as shown by the component 540) for regulating at least a peak current. For example, the third controller being configured to receive the third control signal, a second sensed signal, and a second threshold voltage, and output the fourth control signal to the second signal generator. In another example, the second sensed signal is associated with the first current flowing through the primary winding for the power converter.

For example, the system further includes a feed forward component (e.g., as shown by the component 568) configured to receive a fifth output signal from the error amplifier (e.g., as shown by the component 524) and output a sixth output signal to the second controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534). In another example, the system is configured to regulate the output current to a constant current level if the fourth output signal is larger than a predetermined value in magnitude and regulate the output voltage to a constant voltage level if the fourth output signal is smaller than the predetermined value in magnitude. In yet another example, the sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522) is further configured to perform at least one sampling process for the input signal at or near an end of a demagnetization period, generate a first sampled magnitude, and hold the first sampled magnitude until a second sampled magnitude is generated, the first sampled magnitude and the second sampled magnitude being two of the one or more sampled magnitudes. In yet another example, the first signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 520 and as shown by FIGS. 5 and 8) is further configured to receive the third output signal, determine a third threshold voltage based on at least information associated with the third output signal, compare the third threshold voltage and the input signal in magnitude, and generate the first output signal based on at least information associated with the third threshold voltage and the input signal.

According to yet another embodiment, a system (e.g., as shown by FIGS. 5 and 7) for regulating a power converter includes a sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522) configured to receive at least an input signal, sample the input signal, and generate at least a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. For example, the input signal being associated with at least a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the system includes an error amplifier (e.g., as shown by the component 524) configured to receive at least the first output signal and a threshold voltage, generate a second output signal with a circuit for loop stabilization compensation, and generate a third output signal. For example, the circuit for loop stabilization compensation is a capacitor (e.g., as shown by the capacitor 526), and the capacitor is coupled to the error amplifier. Moreover, the system includes a feed forward component (e.g., as shown by the component 568) configured to receive the third output signal and generate a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, and a controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534) for regulating at least the output voltage. For example, the controller is configured to receive at least the second output signal and the fourth output signal, and generate at least a first control signal. Also, the system includes a signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538) configured to receive at least the first control signal and generate at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal, and a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546) configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch. For example, the switch is configured to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding.

For example, the controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534) is further configured to regulate the output voltage to a constant voltage level if the second output signal is smaller than a predetermined value in magnitude. In another example, the system further includes a compensation component (e.g., as shown by the component 532) configured to receive at least the second output signal and generate a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal. For example, the input signal is a combination of the compensation signal and a sensed signal, and the sensed signal is associated with at least the first winding coupled to the secondary winding.

According to yet another embodiment, a system for regulating a power converter is shown by, for example, FIGS. 5, 12(a) and 12(b) or FIGS. 5, 13(a) and FIG. 13( b). The system includes a sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522) configured to receive at least an input signal, sample the input signal, and generate at least a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes, and an error amplifier (e.g., as shown by the component 524) configured to receive at least the first output signal and a threshold voltage, generate a second output signal with a capacitor, and generate a third output signal, the capacitor being coupled to the error amplifier. Additionally, the system includes a feed forward component (e.g., as shown by the component 568) configured to receive the third output signal and generate a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, and a controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534) configured to receive at least the second output signal and the fourth output signal, and generate at least a control signal. Moreover, the system includes a compensation component (e.g., as shown by the component 532) configured to receive at least the second output signal and generate at least a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, the input signal being a combination of the compensation signal and another signal.

For example, the second output signal is a voltage signal, and the compensation signal is a current signal. In another example, the system further includes a signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538) configured to receive at least the control signal, and generate at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the control signal, and a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546) configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch, the switch being configured to affect a current flowing through a primary winding for a power converter.

According to yet another embodiment, a system (e.g., as shown by FIGS. 5 and 15) for regulating a power converter includes a first signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 520) configured to receive at least an input signal and generate at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling. For example, the input signal is associated with at least a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the system includes a sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522) configured to receive at least the input signal and the second output signal, sample the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, and generate at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Moreover, the system includes a first controller (e.g., as shown by the component 542) for regulating at least the output current, which is configured to receive at least the first output signal and the third output signal and generate at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal. Also, the system includes an oscillator (e.g., as shown by the component 562) configured to receive at least the first control signal and generate at least a clock signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal, and a second signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538) configured to receive at least the clock signal and a second control signal, and generate at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the clock signal and the second control signal. Additionally, the system includes a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546) configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch. For example, the switch is configured to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding. Moreover, the system includes a third controller (e.g., as shown by the component 540) for regulating at least a peak current is configured to receive at least a sensed signal and a threshold voltage, and output the second control signal to the second signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538). For example, the sensed signal is associated with the first current flowing through the primary winding for the power converter. The modulation signal corresponds to a switching frequency, and the first output signal corresponds to a demagnetization pulse width.

For example, the switching frequency is inversely proportional to the demagnetization pulse width, the switching period is proportional to the demagnetization pulse width, and the output current is proportional to the peak current. In another example, the peak current is constant, and the output current is constant. In another example, the system of claim 12 (e.g., as shown by FIGS. 5 and 15) wherein the first controller (e.g., as shown by the component 542) includes a voltage-to-current converter (e.g., as shown by the component 1510) configured to receive the third output signal and generate a second current, a phase-lock loop (e.g., as shown by the component 1530) configured to receive at least the first output signal and the clock signal and generate a third current, and a determining component (e.g., as shown by the component 1520) configured to receive the second current and the third current, determine a difference between the second current and the third current in magnitude, and generate the first control signal based on at least information associated with the second current and the third current.

According to yet another embodiment, a system (e.g., as shown by FIGS. 5 and 18) for regulating a power converter includes a controller (e.g., as shown by the component 540) for regulating at least a peak current. For example, the controller is configured to receive at least a sensed signal and a first threshold voltage and generate at least a first control signal, and the sensed signal is associated with a first current flowing through a primary winding for a power converter. Additionally, the system includes a signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538) configured to receive at least the first control signal and generate at least a modulation signal, and a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546) configured to receive at least the modulation signal and output at least a drive signal to a switch. For example, the switch is configured to affect the first current. In another example, the controller (e.g., as shown by the component 540) includes a first comparator (e.g., as shown by the component 1810) configured to receive the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage and generate a comparison signal based on at least information associated with the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage, and a charge pump (e.g., as shown by the component 1820) configured to receive the comparison signal and generate a second control signal based on at least information associated with the comparison signal. Additionally, the controller (e.g., as shown by the component 540) includes a threshold generator (e.g., as shown by the component 1830) configured to receive the second control signal and generate a second threshold voltage based on at least information associated with the second control signal, and a second comparator (e.g., as shown by the component 1840) configured to receive the second threshold voltage and the sensed signal and generate the first control signal based on at least information associated with the second threshold voltage and the sensed signal.

According to yet another embodiment, a method (e.g., as implemented by FIG. 5) for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least an input signal by a first signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 520), and generating at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling based on at least information associated with the input signal. Additionally, the method includes receiving at least the input signal and the second output signal by a sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522), sampling the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, generating at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes, receiving at least the third output signal and a first threshold voltage by an error amplifier (e.g., as shown by the component 524), and generating at least a fourth output signal with a capacitor coupled to the error amplifier. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the fourth output signal by a compensation component (e.g., as shown by the component 532), and generating at least a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal. For example, the input signal is a combination of the compensation signal and a first sensed signal. In another example, the first sensed signal is associated with a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Also, the method includes receiving at least the first output signal and the third output signal by a first controller (e.g., as shown by the component 542) for regulating at least the output current, generating at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal, receiving at least the fourth output signal by a second controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534) for regulating at least the output voltage, and generating at least a second control signal (e.g., as shown by the signal 558) and a third control signal (e.g., as shown by the signal 536) based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal. Additionally, the method includes receiving at least the first control signal and the second control signal by an oscillator (e.g., as shown by the component 562), generating at least a clock signal by the oscillator (e.g., as shown by the component 562), receiving at least the clock signal, the third control signal, and a fourth control signal by a second signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538), and generating at least a modulation signal by the second signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538). Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546), outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding, receiving the third control signal, a second sensed signal, and a second threshold voltage by a third controller (e.g., as shown by the component 540) for regulating at least a peak current; and outputting the fourth control signal to the second signal generator. For example, the second sensed signal is associated with the first current flowing through the primary winding for the power converter.

In another example, the method further includes receiving a fifth output signal by a feed forward component (e.g., as shown by the component 568) from the error amplifier (e.g., as shown by the component 524), and outputting a sixth output signal to the second controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534) based on at least information associated with fifth output signal. In yet another example, the method further includes regulating the output current to a constant current level if the fourth output signal is larger than a predetermined value in magnitude, and regulating the output voltage to a constant voltage level if the fourth output signal is smaller than the predetermined value in magnitude. In yet another example, the process for sampling the input signal includes sampling the input signal at or near a first end of a first demagnetization period, generating a first sampled magnitude corresponding to the first demagnetization period, sampling the input signal at or near a second end of a second demagnetization period, and generating a second sampled magnitude corresponding to the second demagnetization period. The first sampled magnitude and the second sampled magnitude are two of the one or more sampled magnitudes. In yet another example, the process for generating at least a third output signal includes holding the first sampled magnitude until the second sampled magnitude is generated. In yet another example, the method (e.g., as implemented by FIGS. 5 and 8) the process for generating at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling includes receiving the third output signal, determining a third threshold voltage based on at least information associated with the third output signal, comparing the third threshold voltage and the input signal in magnitude, and generating the first output signal based on at least information associated with the third threshold voltage and the input signal.

According to yet another embodiment, a method (e.g., as implemented by FIGS. 5 and 7) for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least an input signal by a sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522). For example, the input signal is associated with at least a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the method includes sampling the input signal by the sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522), generating at least a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes, receiving at least the first output signal and a threshold voltage by an error amplifier (e.g., as shown by the component 524), and generating a second output signal with a capacitor coupled to the error amplifier. Moreover, the method includes generating a third output signal by the error amplifier, receiving the third output signal by a feed forward component, generating a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, receiving at least the second output signal and the fourth output signal by a controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534) for regulating at least the output voltage, and generating at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal and the fourth output signal. Also, the method includes receiving at least the first control signal by a signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538), generating at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal, receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546), and outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding.

For example, the method further includes regulating the output voltage to a constant voltage level if the second output signal is smaller than a predetermined value in magnitude. In another example, the method includes receiving at least the second output signal by a compensation component (e.g., as shown by the component 532), and generating a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal. The input signal is a combination of the compensation signal and a sensed signal, and the sensed signal is associated with at least the first winding coupled to the secondary winding.

According to yet another embodiment, a method for regulating a power converter is implemented by, for example, FIGS. 5, 12(a) and 12(b) or FIGS. 5, 13(a) and FIG. 13( b). The method includes receiving at least an input signal by a sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522), sampling the input signal by the sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522), and generating at least a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Additionally, the method includes receiving at least the first output signal and a threshold voltage by an error amplifier (e.g., as shown by the component 524), generating a second output signal with a capacitor coupled to the error amplifier based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the threshold voltage, and generating a third output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the threshold voltage. Moreover, the method includes receiving the third output signal by a feed forward component (e.g., as shown by the component 568), generating a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, receiving at least the second output signal and the fourth output signal by a controller (e.g., as shown by the component 534), and generating at least a control signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal and the fourth output signal. Also, the method includes receiving at least the second output signal by a compensation component (e.g., as shown by the component 532), and generating at least a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, the input signal being a combination of the compensation signal and another signal.

For example, the second output signal is a voltage signal, and the compensation signal is a current signal. In another example, the method further includes receiving at least the control signal by a signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538), generating at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the control signal, receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546), and outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect a current flowing through a primary winding for a power converter.

According to yet another embodiment, a method (e.g., as implemented by FIGS. 5 and 15) for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least an input signal by a first signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 520). For example, the input signal is associated with at least a first winding coupled to a secondary winding for a power converter, and the secondary winding is related to an output current and an output voltage for the power converter. Additionally, the method includes generating at least a first output signal associated with demagnetization and a second output signal associated with sampling based on at least information associated with the input signal, receiving at least the input signal and the second output signal by a sampling component (e.g., as shown by the component 522), sampling the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, and generating at least a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the first output signal and the third output signal by a first controller (e.g., as shown by the component 542) for regulating at least the output current, generating at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal, receiving at least the first control signal by an oscillator (e.g., as shown by the component 562), and generating at least a clock signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal. Also, the method includes receiving at least the clock signal and a second control signal by a second signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538), generating at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the clock signal and the second control signal, receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546), and outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding. Additionally, the method includes receiving at least a sensed signal and a threshold voltage by a third controller (e.g., as shown by the component 540) for regulating at least a peak current, and outputting the second control signal to the second signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538). The sensed signal being associated with the first current flowing through the primary winding for the power converter, the modulation signal corresponds to a switching frequency, and the first output signal corresponds to a demagnetization pulse width.

For example, the switching frequency is inversely proportional to the demagnetization pulse width, and the output current is proportional to the peak current. In another example, the peak current is constant, and the output current is constant.

In yet another example, as implemented by, for example, FIGS. 5 and 15, the process for generating at least a first control signal includes receiving the third output signal by a voltage-to-current converter (e.g., as shown by the component 1510), generating a second current based on at least information associated with the third output signal, receiving at least the first output signal and the clock signal by a phase-lock loop (e.g., as shown by the component 1530), and generating a third current based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the clock signal. Additionally, the process for generating at least a first control signal includes receiving the second current and the third current by a determining component (e.g., as shown by the component 1520) configured to determine a difference between the second current and the third current in magnitude, and generating the first control signal based on at least information associated with the second current and the third current.

According to yet another embodiment, a method (e.g., as implemented by FIGS. 5 and 18) for regulating a power converter includes receiving at least a sensed signal and a first threshold voltage by a controller (e.g., as shown by the component 540) for regulating at least a peak current. For example, the sensed signal is associated with a first current flowing through a primary winding for a power converter. Additionally, the method includes generating at least a first control signal based on at least information associated with the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage, receiving at least the first control signal by a signal generator (e.g., as shown by the component 538), generating at least a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the first control signal, receiving at least the modulation signal by a gate driver (e.g., as shown by the component 546), and outputting at least a drive signal to a switch to affect the first current. The process for generating at least a first control signal includes receiving the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage by a first comparator (e.g., as shown by the component 1810), generating a comparison signal based on at least information associated with the sensed signal and the first threshold voltage, receiving the comparison signal by a charge pump (e.g., as shown by the component 1820), generating a second control signal based on at least information associated with the comparison signal, receiving the second control signal by a threshold generator (e.g., as shown by the component 1830), generating a second threshold voltage based on at least information associated with the second control signal, receiving the second threshold voltage and the sensed signal by a second comparator (e.g., as shown by the component 1840), and generating the first control signal based on at least information associated with the second threshold voltage and the sensed signal.

Many benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. Certain embodiments of the present invention can reduce parts count and/or decrease system cost. Some embodiments of the present invention can improve reliability and/or efficiency. Certain embodiments of the present invention can simplify circuit design in switch mode flyback power converters. Some embodiments of the present invention provide a primary side sensing and regulation scheme. For example, the primary side sensing and regulation scheme can improve the load regulation. In another example, the primary side sensing and regulation scheme can compensate the primary winding inductance variation to achieve constant output current in a flyback converter that employs the primary side regulation. Certain embodiments of the present invention can provide, in the CC mode, a constant output current that does not change as primary winding inductance changes.

Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that there are other embodiments that are equivalent to the described embodiments. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited by the specific illustrated embodiments, but only by the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for a power conversion system, the apparatus comprising: a first signal generator configured to receive an input signal and generate a first output signal and a second output signal; a sampling component configured to receive the input signal and the second output signal, sample the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, and generate a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes; an error amplifier configured to receive the third output signal and a first threshold signal and generate a fourth output signal with a capacitor; a first processing component configured to receive the first output signal and the third output signal and generate a fifth output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal; a second processing component configured to receive the fourth output signal and generate a sixth output signal and a seventh output signal based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal; an oscillator configured to receive the fifth output signal and the sixth output signal and generate a clock signal based on at least information associated with the fifth output signal and the sixth output signal; a second signal generator configured to receive the clock signal and the seventh output signal and generate a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the clock signal and the seventh output signal; and a driving component configured to receive the modulation signal and output a drive signal to a switch, the switch being configured to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding of a power conversion system.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first threshold signal is a threshold voltage.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the second signal generator is further configured to receive an eighth output signal and generate the modulation signal based on at least information associated with the clock signal, the seventh output signal, and the eighth output signal.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the error amplifier is further configured to generate an eighth output signal.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, and further comprising: a feed forward component configured to receive the eighth output signal from the error amplifier and generate a ninth output signal; wherein the second processing component is further configured to receive the ninth output signal from the feed forward component.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 is configured to: in response to the fourth output signal being larger than a predetermined value in magnitude, regulate an output current of the power conversion system to a constant current level; and in response to the fourth output signal being smaller than the predetermined value in magnitude, regulate an output voltage of the power conversion system to a constant voltage level.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the sampling component is further configured to perform at least one sampling process for the input signal at or near an end of a demagnetization period, generate a first sampled magnitude, and hold the first sampled magnitude until a second sampled magnitude is generated, the first sampled magnitude and the second sampled magnitude being two of the one or more sampled magnitudes.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first signal generator is further configured to receive the third output signal, determine a second threshold signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, process information associate with the second threshold signal and the input signal, and generate the first output signal based on at least information associated with the second threshold signal and the input signal.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the second threshold signal is a threshold voltage.
 10. An apparatus for a power conversion system, the apparatus comprising: a sampling component configured to receive an input signal, sample the input signal, and generate a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes, the input signal being associated with a first winding coupled to a secondary winding of a power conversion system, the secondary winding being related to an output current and an output voltage for the power conversion system; an error amplifier configured to receive the first output signal and a threshold signal and generate a second output signal with a capacitor; a processing component configured to receive the second output signal and generate a third output signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal; a signal generator configured to receive the third output signal and generate a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal; and a driving component configured to receive the modulation signal and output a drive signal to a switch, the switch being configured to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding of the power conversion system.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the threshold signal is a threshold voltage.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the processing component is further configured to, in response to the second output signal being smaller than a predetermined value in magnitude, regulate the output voltage to a constant voltage level.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10, and further comprising a compensation component configured to receive the second output signal and generate a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, the input signal being associated with the compensation signal and a sensed signal related to the first winding coupled to the secondary winding.
 14. An apparatus for a power conversion system, the apparatus comprising: a sampling component configured to receive an input signal, sample the input signal, and generate a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes; an error amplifier configured to receive the first output signal and a threshold signal, generate a second output signal with a capacitor, and generate a third output signal; a feed forward component configured to receive the third output signal and generate a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal; a processing component configured to receive the second output signal and the fourth output signal and generate a fifth output signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal and the fourth output signal; and a compensation component configured to receive the second output signal and generate a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, the input signal being related to the compensation signal and an another signal.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the threshold signal is a threshold voltage.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the second output signal is a voltage signal.
 17. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the compensation signal is a compensation current.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the compensation component is further configured to generate the compensation current flowing out of the compensation component.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the compensation component is further configured to generate the compensation current flowing into the compensation component.
 20. The apparatus of claim 14, and further comprising: a signal generator configured to receive the fifth output signal and generate a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the fifth output signal; and a driving component configured to receive the modulation signal and output a drive signal to a switch, the switch being configured to affect a current flowing through a primary winding of a power conversion system.
 21. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the compensation signal is related to an output load of a power conversion system.
 22. An apparatus for a power conversion system, the apparatus comprising: a first signal generator configured to receive a demagnetization signal and a first clock signal and generate a first output signal based on at least information associated with the demagnetization signal and the first clock signal, the demagnetization signal being associated with demagnetization for a power conversion system, the first clock signal corresponding to a first clock frequency; a detection component configured to receive the first output signal and a second clock signal and generate a second output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the second clock signal, the second clock signal corresponding to a second clock frequency; a second signal generator configured to receive the second output signal and generate a third output signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal; and an oscillator configured to generate a third clock signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal, the third clock signal corresponding to a third clock frequency; wherein: the first output signal is synchronized with the first clock signal; and the first clock frequency is equal to half of the second clock frequency.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the second clock frequency is equal to half of the third clock frequency.
 24. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the first signal generator is further configured to synchronize a rising edge of the first output signal with a falling edge of the first clock signal.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein a falling edge of the first output signal is not synchronized with any rising edge of the first clock signal.
 26. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the rising edge of the first output signal is synchronized with a falling edge of the second clock signal.
 27. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the first signal generator is further configured to make a first pulse width associated with the first output signal equal to a second pulse width associated with the demagnetization signal.
 28. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the detection component is further configured to generate the second output signal including a fourth output signal and a fifth output signal.
 29. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein the detection component is further configured to: in response to a first pulse width associated with the first output signal being larger than a second pulse width associated with the second clock signal, generate the fourth output signal at a first voltage level and the fifth output signal at a second voltage level, the second voltage level being different from the first voltage level; and in response to the first pulse width being smaller than the second pulse width, generate the fourth output signal at the second voltage level and the fifth output signal at the first voltage level.
 30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein: the first pulse width starts at a rising edge of the first output signal and ends at a falling edge of the first output signal; and the second pulse width starts at a falling edge of the second clock signal and ends at a rising edge of the second clock signal.
 31. The apparatus of claim 22, and further comprising a clock divider configured to receive the third clock signal and generate the first clock signal and the second clock signal based on at least information associated with the third clock signal.
 32. The apparatus of claim 22, and further comprising: a processing component; wherein: the third output signal is a first current signal; the processing component is configured to receive the first current signal and a second current signal, and generate a fourth output signal representing a difference between the second current signal and the first current signal; and the oscillator is further configured to receive the fourth output signal and generate the third clock signal based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal.
 33. The apparatus of claim 22 is further configured to make a first pulse width associated with the first output signal equal to a second pulse width associated with the second clock signal.
 34. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein: the first pulse width starts at a rising edge of the first output signal and ends at a falling edge of the first output signal; and the second pulse width starts at a rising edge of the second clock signal and ends at a falling edge of the second clock signal.
 35. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein: the second output signal includes a fourth output signal and a fifth output signal; and the detection component includes a flip-flop component configured to generate the fourth output signal and the fifth output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the second clock signal.
 36. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the second signal generator includes a capacitor configured to be charged or discharged in response to the second output signal including a fourth output signal and a fifth output signal.
 37. A method for a power conversion system, the method comprising: receiving an input signal; generating a first output signal and a second output signal based on at least information associated with the input signal; receiving the input signal and the second output signal; sampling the input signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal; generating a third output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes; receiving the third output signal and a first threshold signal; generating a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal and the first threshold signal; receiving the first output signal and the third output signal; generating a fifth output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the third output signal; receiving the fourth output signal; generating a sixth output signal and a seventh output signal based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal; receiving the fifth output signal and the sixth output signal; generating a clock signal based on at least information associated with the fifth output signal and the sixth output signal; receiving the clock signal and the seventh output signal; generating a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the clock signal and the seventh output signal; receiving the modulation signal; and outputting a drive signal to a switch to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding of a power conversion system.
 38. The method of claim 37, and further comprising: in response to the fourth output signal being larger than a predetermined value in magnitude, regulating an output current of the power conversion system to a constant current level; and in response to the fourth output signal being smaller than the predetermined value in magnitude, regulating an output voltage of the power conversion system to a constant voltage level.
 39. The method of claim 37 wherein the sampling the input signal includes: sampling the input signal at or near a first end of a first demagnetization period; generating a first sampled magnitude corresponding to the first demagnetization period; sampling the input signal at or near a second end of a second demagnetization period; and generating a second sampled magnitude corresponding to the second demagnetization period; wherein the first sampled magnitude and the second sampled magnitude are two of the one or more sampled magnitudes.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein the generating a third output signal includes holding the first sampled magnitude until the second sampled magnitude is generated.
 41. The method of claim 37 wherein the generating a first output signal and a second output signal includes: receiving the third output signal; determining a second threshold signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal; processing information associated with the second threshold signal and the input signal; and generating the first output signal based on at least information associated with the second threshold signal and the input signal.
 42. A method for a power conversion system, the method comprising: receiving an input signal associated with a first winding coupled to a secondary winding of a power conversion system, the secondary winding being related to an output current and an output voltage for the power conversion system; sampling the input signal; generating a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes; receiving the first output signal and a threshold signal by an error amplifier; generating a second output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the threshold signal; receiving the second output signal; generating a third output signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal to regulate the output voltage related to the secondary winding of the power conversion system; receiving the third output signal; generating a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal; receiving the modulation signal; and outputting a drive signal to a switch to affect a first current flowing through a primary winding coupled to the secondary winding of the power conversion system.
 43. The method of claim 42, and further comprising: in response to the second output signal being smaller than a predetermined value in magnitude, regulating the output voltage to a constant voltage level.
 44. The method of claim 42, and further comprising: receiving the second output signal; and generating a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal; wherein the input signal is associated with the compensation signal and a sensed signal related to the first winding coupled to the secondary winding.
 45. A method for a power conversion system, the method comprising: receiving an input signal; sampling the input signal; generating a first output signal associated with one or more sampled magnitudes; receiving the first output signal and a threshold signal by an error amplifier; generating a second output signal and a third output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the threshold signal; receiving the second output signal; generating a compensation signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal, the input signal being related to the compensation signal and an another signal; receiving the third output signal; processing, for feed forward, information associated with the third output signal; generating a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the third output signal; receiving the second output signal and the fourth output signal; and generating a fifth output signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal and the fourth output signal to regulate an output voltage for the power conversion system.
 46. The method of claim 45 wherein: the second output signal is a voltage signal; and the compensation signal is a compensation current.
 47. The method of claim 45, and further comprising: receiving the fifth output signal; generating a modulation signal based on at least information associated with the fifth output signal; receiving the modulation signal; and outputting a drive signal to a switch to affect a current flowing through a primary winding of the power conversion system.
 48. A method for a power conversion system, the method comprising: receiving a demagnetization signal and a first clock signal, the demagnetization signal being associated with demagnetization for a power conversion system, the first clock signal corresponding to a first clock frequency; generating a first output signal based on at least information associated with the demagnetization signal and the first clock signal; receiving the first output signal and a second clock signal, the second clock signal corresponding to a second clock frequency; generating a second output signal and a third output signal based on at least information associated with the first output signal and the second clock signal; receiving the second output signal and the third output signal; generating a fourth output signal based on at least information associated with the second output signal and the third output signal; and generating a third clock signal based on at least information associated with the fourth output signal, the third clock signal corresponding to a third clock frequency; wherein: the first output signal is synchronized with the first clock signal; and the first clock frequency is equal to half of the second clock frequency. 